E-mail

E-mail, short for electronic mail and often abbreviated to e-mail, email or simply mail, is a store and forward method of composing, sending, receiving and storing messages over electronic communication systems. The term "e-mail" (as a noun or verb) applies both to the Internet e-mail system based on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and to X.400 systems, and to intranet systems allowing users within one organization to e-mail each other. Intranets may use the Internet protocols or X.400 protocols for internal e-mail service supporting workgroup collaboration. E-mail is often used to deliver bulk unsolicited messages, or "spam", but filter programs exist which can automatically delete some or most of these, depending on the situation.

Spelling

Spelling of this term is disputed. Many now regard the word "email" as a perfectly valid and formal word in its own right, and regard the abbreviation "e-mail" as anachronistic. The word "email" is recognized as a valid alternative in some major dictionaries.The computer industry and web sites still use both variants.
Usage examples from prominent style guides:
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), 15th edition: e-mail. CMS is widely referenced as the standard for technical writing and journalism style guidelines in the United States.
Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications e-mail, explicitly saying "maintain the hyphenation". O'Reilly and Amazon.com assert that "many top notch technical companies, writers, and editors consider the Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications to be a standard in the industry."
IEEE Computer Society recommends hyphenation in e-mail, deferring to the Chicago Manual of Style explicitly, and using it in their own materials.


Usage examples from prominent companies include:
e-mail: CNN, The New York Times, Microsoft, HP,IBM,Dell, Amazon.com, CNET The Times,The Economist
email: Google, Apple, Yahoo!, eBay , The Guardian
Inconsistent: BBC, Intel
The original RFC definitions for the SMTP standard,the POP standard, and the IMAP standard contain neither e-mail nor email, instead using the terms mail and message. Authors of later RFCs for SMTP use the term email (in addition to mail and message). However, the latest RFC for POP uses mail and message. Hyphens sometimes disappear from words originally coined with them after the term has come into widespread use,although many of those words would still have the same pronunciation following normal English rules, such as web-site vs. website, non-zero vs. nonzero. In contrast, email (without a hyphen) following normal rules is not necessarily the same pronunciation as e-mail.Without the hyphen but keeping the same pronunciation, it would not follow pronunciation patterns of typical English words starting with em, such as emphasis or ember.Even the common English words that start with ema (dictionary search) have a short and/or soft e sound: emaciated, emanate, emasculate, emancipate,rather than a separate syllable for a long-e sound as in e-mail.
The sixth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary removed hyphens from some 16,000 words that previously employed them although many of those were not merging the words, but removals that resulted in splitting original words into two words ("fig leaf", "hobby horse", "test tube", "ice cream").

Origin
E-mail predates the inception of the Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating the Internet. MIT first demonstrated the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961. It allowed multiple users to log into the IBM 7094 from remote dial-up terminals, and to store files online on disk. This new ability encouraged users to share information in new ways. E-mail started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharing mainframe computer to communicate. Although the exact history is murky, among the first systems to have such a facility were SDC's Q32 and MIT's CTSS.
E-mail was quickly extended to become network e-mail, allowing users to pass messages between different computers by at least 1966 (it is possible the SAGE system had something similar some time before).
The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the development of e-mail. There is one report that indicates experimental inter-system e-mail transfers on it shortly after its creation in 1969.Ray Tomlinson initiated the use of the @ sign to separate the names of the user and their machine in 1971. The ARPANET significantly increased the popularity of e-mail, and it became the killer app of the ARPANET.

Web accessibility

Web accessibility refers to the practice of making websites usable by people of all abilities and disabilities. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, all users can have equal access to information and functionality. For example, when a site is coded with semantically meaningful HTML, with textual equivalents provided for images and with links named meaningfully, this helps blind users using text-to-speech software and/or text-to-Braille hardware. When text and images are large and/or enlargable, it is easier for users with poor sight to read and understand the content. When links are underlined (or otherwise differentiated) as well as coloured, this ensures that color blind users will be able to notice them. When clickable links and areas are large, this helps users who cannot control a mouse with precision. When pages are coded so that users can navigate by means of the keyboard alone, or a single switch access device alone, this helps users who cannot use a mouse or even a standard keyboard. When videos are closed captioned or a sign language version is available, deaf and hard of hearing users can understand video. When flashing effects are avoided or made optional, users prone to seizures caused by these effects are not put at risk. And when content is written in plain language and illustrated with instructional diagrams and animations, users with dyslexia and learning difficulties are better able to understand the content. When sites are correctly built and maintained, all of these users can be accommodated while not impacting on the usability of the site for non-disabled users.
The needs that Web accessibility aims to address include:
Visual: Visual impairments including blindness, various common types of low vision and poor eyesight, various types of color blindness;
Motor/Mobility: e.g. difficulty or inability to use the hands, including tremors, muscle slowness, loss of fine muscle control, etc., due to conditions such as Parkinson's Disease, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, stroke;
Auditory: Deafness or hearing impairments, including individuals who are hard of hearing;
Seizures: Photoepileptic seizures caused by visual strobe or flashing effects.
Cognitive/Intellectual: Developmental disabilities, learning disabilities (dyslexia, dyscalculia, etc.), and cognitive disabilities of various origins, affecting memory, attention, developmental "maturity," problem-solving and logic skills, etc.;

Website accessibility audits

A growing number of organisations, companies and consultants offer website accessibility audits. These audits, a type of system testing, identify accessibility problems that exist within a website, and provide advice and guidance on the steps that need to be taken to correct these problems.A range of methods are used to audit websites for accessibility:Automated tools are available which can identify some of the problems that are present.Expert technical reviewers, knowledgeable in web design technologies and accessibility, can review a representative selection of pages and provide detailed feedback and advice based on their findings.User testing, usually overseen by technical experts, involves setting tasks for ordinary users to carry out on the website, and reviewing the problems these users encounter as they try to carry out the tasks.Each of these methods has its strengths and weaknesses:Automated tools can process many pages in a relatively short length of time, but can only identify some of the accessibility problems that might be present in the website.Technical expert review will identify many of the problems that exist, but the process is time consuming, and many websites are too large to make it possible for a person to review every page.User testing combines elements of usability and accessibility testing, and is valuable for identifying problems that might otherwise be overlooked, but needs to be used knowledgeably to avoid the risk of basing design decisions on one user's preferences.Ideally, a combination of methods should be used to assess the accessibility of a website.

Assistive technologies used for web browsing

Individuals living with a disability use assistive technologies such as the following to enable and assist web browsing:Screen reader software, which can read out, using synthesized speech, either selected elements of what is being displayed on the monitor (helpful for users with reading or learning difficulties), or which can read out everything that is happening on the computer (used by blind and vision impaired users).Braille terminals, consisting of a Refreshable Braille display which renders text as Braille characters (usually by means of raising pegs through holes in a flat surface) and either a QWERTY or Braille keyboard.Screen magnification software, which enlarges what is displayed on the computer monitor, making it easier to read for vision impaired users.Speech recognition software that can accept spoken commands to the computer, or turn dictation into grammatically correct text - useful for those who have difficulty using a mouse or a keyboard.Keyboard overlays, which can make typing easier and more accurate for those who have motor control difficulties.